Home  ›  Drought Stress in Plants a Review on Morphological Characteristics and Pigments Composition

Drought Stress in Plants a Review on Morphological Characteristics and Pigments Composition

Written By Sunday 17 April 2022 Add Comment Edit

Open access peer-reviewed affiliate - ONLINE FIRST

Drought Stress: Manifestation and Mechanisms of Alleviation in Plants

Submitted: December 13th, 2021 Reviewed: January 19th, 2022 Published: March 14th, 2022

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.102780

From the Edited Book

Drought [Working Championship]

Associate Prof. Murat Eyvaz, Dr. Ahmed Albahnasawi, MSc. Mesut Tekbaş and Thousand.Sc. Ercan Gürbulak

IntechOpen

IntechOpen Downloads

35

Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com

Abstruse

Drought can be referred to equally a meteorological period without pregnant rainfall and it is one of such major abiotic stresses that contributes to a huge reduction in crop yield throughout the world. Plant shows a wide range of physiological, morphological, and biochemical changes such every bit reduced photosynthetic accumulation, altered gene expression, etc. Under the drought stress which ultimately causes reduced growth every bit well equally poor grain yield. Drought stressconditions trigger production of ROS, which disrupts the dynamic balance between ROS production and ROS scavenging systems and its accumulation depends on the intensity besides as duration of water stress, and it varies among species. A constitute species that has a better inherited genetic response allowing information technology to rapidly deploy its antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense system, can tolerate drought amend than a plant species with a poor antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, enzyme and protein encoding drought specific genes have the ability to enhance drought tolerance. These ii enzymatic and genetic engineering strategies are unique and vital tools, which tin be used to help alleviate the world's hereafter problems related to free energy, food, and environmental stresses, particularly drought. This chapter attempts to discuss developments in understanding effects of drought stress and underlying mechanisms in plants for its alleviation.

Keywords

  • ABA signaling
  • antioxidant
  • drought
  • ROS
  • stress

1. Introduction

Whatsoever inimical status or substance that affects found's metabolism, growth and development is referred equally stress. Basically, stress is an altered physiological status caused by different living and non-living factors which disturb the equilibrium. Plants are oft posed with a plethora of stress conditions such as drought, salinity, heat stress, depression temperature, heavy metal toxicity, flooding and extremes of soil pH. Plants also confront challenges from biotic factors similar pathogens, insects etc. These types of abiotic and biotic factors limit plants growth and productivity. The non-living variable must impact the environment beyond its normal range of variation to unfavorably impact the population performance or individual physiology of the organism in a meaning way.

Drought is a meteorological term and defined equally a period without significant rainfall. Generally, drought stress occurs when the available soil-h2o becomes scanty and atmospheric conditions cause continuous loss of water past transpiration or evaporation. Water deficit is i of the major abiotic stresses, which adversely affects ingather growth and yield. These changes are mainly associated with altered metabolic functions, one of those is either loss of or diminished synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, uptake and translocation of ion, saccharide biosynthesis, nutrient metabolism and synthesis of growth promoters. These changes in the metabolic functions and synthesis of photosynthetic pigments are closely related to biomass production in constitute [1]. A common agin effect of water stress on crop plants is the reduction in fresh and dry biomass [2]. Establish productivity under moisture stress is strongly associated with the processes of dry out affair partitioning and temporal biomass distribution [iii]. Previous study about different crop species faces huge yield reduction due to drought stress (Table 1). Nosotros have aimed to discuss the crops' response and adaptive mechanisms to gainsay drought stress and also genetic interventions which may help developing cultivars suitable for h2o-deficient weather.

Crop Yield reduction (%) References
Rice 53–92 [4]
Maize 79–81 [five]
Barley 49–57 [half-dozen]
Chickpea 45–69 [7]
Pigeonpea twoscore–55 [8]
Soybean 46–71 [9]
Sunflower lx [10]
Tater 13 [xi]
Canola xxx [12]
Cowpea 55–65 [thirteen]
Wheat 64.46 [xiv]

Tabular array 1.

Yield reduction attributable to drought stress in different crops.

Advertising

ii. Physiological changes during drought stress

During drought, Water scarcity occurs generally because of absence of water in the soil. Simply Physiological drought caused both lack of h2o in the soil, and as well occurs when excess water is present in the soil. Thus, physiological drought is a situation where the constitute cannot receive water [15, 16]. The responses of plants to h2o stress are diverse and may involve the contribution of various defense mechanisms or modification of physiology, morphology, anatomy, biochemistry, as well as short and long-term developmental and growth related accommodation processes [17].

Physiological reactions to moisture stress provides some escape mechanisms to the water stress comprise physiological and morphological adaptations [eighteen]. Decreased foliage area (Figure 1), reduced stomatal number and conductance, enlargement of root organization, increased leaf thickness, and leaf folding to lessen evapotranspiration are strictly associated with an adaptive response [17, 19, twenty, 21]. Institute growth and productivity decreased under moisture stress, which are caused by alterations in plantwater relations, CO2 assimilation reduction, membrane damage of affected tissues, cellular oxidative stress, and inhibition of enzymes activeness.

Effigy 1.

Effects of unlike levels of drought stress on ricebean seedlings.

Plants can change water relations to keep cellular mechanisms under drought stress conditions. Plants show osmotic adjustment past accumulating and integrating compatible solutes likely, proline, sugars and costless amino acids [22]. Maintenance of turgor pressure besides every bit cell volume at low water potential is facilitated by osmotic adjustment and is vital for metabolic functions. Osmotic aligning also plays role in recovery of metabolic activities post drought stress [23]. Previously, there are lot of studies investigated which showed the recovery of photosynthesis from moisture stress in various crop species and also recovered from drought stress in terms of oxidative stress, membrane stability alphabetize and antioxidative mechanisms [16, 24]. Osmolytes too accept a pregnant role in drought stress recovery.

Drought stress at college intensity decreases the activities of photosynthetic enzymes as well as foliage chlorophyll content which ultimately hampers the procedure of photosynthesis [20, 25]. Chlorophyll a / b proportion and synthesis of leaf chlorophyll altered during drought stress. A lower content of chlorophyll (Figure two), inactivation of central proteins linked to the photosynthesis procedure, and alteration of thylakoid membranes happen equally a upshot of drought stress. The decline in chlorophyll content is due to over production of O2 − and H2Oii production, which ultimately results meaning chlorophyll degradation and lipid peroxidation. During drought stress, in stomata and mesophyll cell the CO2 conductance declined equally the decrease in the photosynthetic process. The decrease in photosynthetic action also may be because of the reduction of stomatal movement [27]. Rubisco activity greatly afflicted by the loss of COtwo uptake, similarly information technology decreases the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductase and RuBP production [20, 28]. Refuse in photosynthetic activity, loss of photosystem Ii photochemical efficiency, reduction in chlorophyll content and amending in stomatal movement results the reduction in found productivity. As a effect of reduction in photosynthetic activity in drought stress, it dismantles the product of sugar in diverse way likely prevents the transport of sucrose into sink organs and reduces the level of sucrose in leaves, which in turn limits reproductive development. The costless sugars and different metabolites thereof support plant growth nether drought, and have up osmolytic role and compatible solutes to mitigate the drastic effect of the stress [29, thirty].

Figure 2.

Visual effects of drought stress in rice. Source: [26].

The relative leaf h2o content (RLWC) is an guess of leafage's hydration status relative to its maximal water holding chapters at full turgid state. The relative leafage water content (RLWC) is one of the reliable parameters to know the water status in plants and it decreases gradually with increases in the severity of drought stress weather condition. The decline of RLWC every bit a response to osmotic stress was before reported by several investigators under different stress conditions [31, 32, 33, 34]. The physiological traits considered for evaluating drought stress tolerance include root trait characteristics (root length, root density, root biomass, root length density, delayed canopy wilting (DCW) and leaf pubescence density (LPD) [35], delayed leaf senescence (DLS) [36], and recovery ability after wilting (RAW) [37]. Drought stress drastically affects seed germination and decreases the speed of germination (Figure 3). Autonomously from these, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and use of carbon isotope discrimination are too constructive screening methods for drought stress tolerance and has been used for some food legumes.

Figure 3.

Ricebean response to varying levels of PEG every bit drought induction agent.

Advertisement

3. Plants adaptive responses to drought stress

Plants accept adult various adaptive mechanisms conferring tolerance to drought stress induced adversities through evolution [38]. Their survival strategies for drought stress tin broadly exist classified as escape, abstention and tolerance. Hence, their drought stress response varies from molecular to plant level [39]. The mechanisms of found escape, avoidance and tolerance (Figure 4) confronting drought stress are discussed as follows.

Figure four.

Overall drought stress response in crop species.

3.1 Escape, avoidance and tolerance mechanisms

To escape the pernicious effects of drought stress on plant wellness and productivity, some plants utilize mechanisms involving shortening of the life wheel by rapid establish evolution, self-reproduction, and seasonal growth before the beginning of the drought season (Effigy 4) [40]. Amongst all, early flowering is perhaps the best possible escape adaptive mechanism in plants [41]. However, this machinery can connote a considerable reduction in the plant'due south growing period compromising plant productivity in some cases [42].

In abstention strategy, loftier plant water potential is maintained through transpiration loss reduction and the increased water uptake from well-established root systems [43]. Xeromorphic features such every bit the presence of hairy structure on leaves and cuticles in some cases practise help to maintain high water potentials in plant tissues [44]. It is notable that overdevelopment of these structures may lead to reduced productivity and reduced decreased size of vegetative and reproductive parts [45]. On the contrary, an adaptive tolerance mechanism at the photosynthetic level involves reductions in the institute's total leaf area and express expansion of new leaves. Likewise, trichrome production on leaves is an aspect that enables the plant to tolerate water deficits in dry environments [46]. There is an increase in charge per unit of lite reflection in the foliage reducing the leaf temperature too equally trichomes provide additional layer of resistance to the water loss thereby reducing the rate of h2o loss through transpiration [47]. Changes in root system-size, density, length, proliferation, expansion and growth rate, constitute the preliminary strategy for drought-tolerant plants to cope against drought [48]. Osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense force mechanism, metabolic and biochemical dynamics of stomatal closure, solute accumulation and increase in root shoot ratio are other mutual strategies that aid to drought stress resilience [49].

Advertisement

4. Biochemical responses to drought

4.1 Oxidative damage

Drought stress triggers an array of biochemical mechanisms including fluidity of the plasma membranes, osmolytes product, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, rigidity of the cellular membranes and activation of unlike enzymes which are involved in oxidative defence force organisation [50, 51]. Previously, in various crop species ROS generation instigates pregnant damage to cellular components and also causing damages to lipid peroxidation, proteins [52]. The drought stress induced ROS generation had calamitous furnishings on lipid membrane and protein. Among all the ROS superoxide radical (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (HtwoOii), singlet oxygen (iO2) and hydroxyl radical (OH•) are mainly produced by enzymatic or non-enzymatic processes during photosynthesis (Figure 5). Their production occurs also in components of electron transport system in the mitochondria by partial reduction or oxidation of atmospheric oxygen [53]. In some electric current studies, it has been shown that ROS have dual part in plant biology; involvement in vital signaling processes and as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism [53].

Figure 5.

Production of various ROS by energy transfer (or) sequential univalent reduction of ground state triplet oxygen.

4.2 Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants

There are several componentsutilized by plantsto cope up with oxidative stress, which are involved in ROS homeostasis modulation [54]. Plants produces diverse reactive oxygen species (ROS) continuously equally bi-products of diverse metabolic pathways in unlike cellular compartments similar chloroplast, mitochondria, and peroxisome. ROS have partially reduced forms of atmospheric oxygen and nether normal conditions, their production in constitute cells is balanced by their constructive scavenging through enzymatic and non-enzymatic cascade (Figure 6). ROS can cause damage to different biomolecules namely Deoxyribonucleic acid, proteins and lipids, and therefore by creating oxidative injury; it leads to a reduction in found growth and development [56]. The equilibrium between the production and the scavenging of ROS may be perturbed past diverse stress factors. Thus, the disturbances of cellular homeostasis resulted in a sudden rise in intracellular levels of ROS leading to oxidative stress which in turn tin can cause substantial impairment to prison cell structure and membrane integrity. To mask themselves from these toxic oxygen intermediates, plant cells contain both enzymatic and not-enzymatic components. Amid them enzymatic antioxidantsare superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), carotenoids, glycine betaine, proline, α-tocopherol and flavonoids are the non-enzymatic antioxidants [51, 57]. Hence, stress induced oxidative harm of ROSs can only be counteracted by increased level of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants [54].

Effigy six.

ROS scavenging machinery by antioxidant defense organisation in different stress weather condition. Source: [55].

Advertisement

5. Molecular and genomic prospects for improvement of drought tolerance

Traditionally, at that place have been several efforts to develop drought-tolerant ingather genotypes through usual convenance methods [58, 59]. In this method, two groups of plants with desirable traits are selected and crossed to obtain offsprings having new genetic arrangements [threescore]. Drought resistance is directly or indirectly incorporated in the crop species via genetic variability of traits and thus selection in convenance is ought to be useful. Important traits to target in plant breeding might include water-extraction efficiency, water-employ efficiency, conductance of water, osmo-rubberband adjustments and leaf surface area modulation [15]. Genetic information improves the efficiency of the convenance method. Polymorphisms based on molecular markers that occur naturally in the DNA like restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), sequence characteristic amplified regions (SCARs), random amplified polymorphic Dna (RAPDs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLPs), and others have been effectively utilized. The use of plant convenance methods has an enormous potential to accelerate drought-tolerant found production and help drought management aid these plants [15].

Marker assisted option (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) are the 2 well versed approaches of genomic assisted breeding. For the first approach, foremost step is to place the molecular markers linked to the trait of interest so that selection tin can exist performed in breeding programs. However, GS depends on progress of selection models based on genetic markers present on the whole genome and selection of genome estimated breeding values (GEBVs) in breeding populations through phenotyping of "training population".

MAS utilizes molecular markers in identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) or specific genes that are linked with the target trait and are used to place the individual with desirable alleles (Effigy vii) [61]. Through these methods, QTLs for the traits linked with drought resistance are identified in various crops i.eastward., rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, soybean and many other crops [62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67].

Figure seven.

Model for the role of signaling factors in stomatal closure and retrograde signaling during water stress. Source: [sixteen].

Genomic selection utilizes all the markers bachelor for a population of GEBVs and GS models are used for selection of aristocracy lines without phenotyping [61]. Reverse to MAS, the information nigh QTLs is not the prerequisite for GS [68]. However, GS requires denser mark data than MAS. GS is being applied for breeding in maize tolerant to drought by the international maize and wheat improvement center (CIMMYT) [69]. Research efforts through this arroyo are progressing in other crops i.e., sugarcane, legumes and wheat [seventy, 71, 72].

Many studies take elucidated molecular responses in plants related to drought-induced transcription signaling pathways. In recent times, various stress-responsive genes and transcription factors having potential to mitigate drought-induced oxidative stress have been identified [73]. The TFs operate specific interaction with the cis-elements present in the genes' promoter region and, stimulate the expression of stress-inducible genes of various signaling pathways upon bounden [74, 75]. These TFs are categorized into unlike families based on their conserved motifs that lawmaking their DNA bounden domain (DBD), viz., APETALA two (AP2)/ethylene-responsive element binding cistron (ERF); dehydration-responsive chemical element bounden protein (DREB); no apical meristem/ Arabidopsis transcription activation factor, cup-shaped cotyledon (NAC); related to abscisic acid insensitive (ABI3)/VIVIPAROUS 1 (VP1) (RAV); WRKY; auxin response gene (ARF); and SQUAMOSA-promoter binding protein (SBP). The DBDs of the AP2/ERF, DREB, NAC, SBP, and WRKY are named as per the names of their respective TFs family, whereas DBDs of ABI3/VP1 and ARF family of TFs are named every bit B3 family [76].

Biochemical and molecular factors involved in the induction of processes to alleviate the detrimental impacts of h2o stress include transcription, stress responsive genes similar TaNAC69 (wheat), AP37 & OSNAC10 (rice), NF-YB2 (maize) and abscisic acid [16]. Transgenic expression of different stress responsive genes has been also utilized to confer increased tolerance to draught defecits. [77, 78]. The increased expression of these genes is oft associated with a decreased institute growth rate and this could narrow downwards its practical use (Table 2) [79]. In this sense, genomic and related molecular tools could accentuate the genes that mitigate the stress effect so that efforts may help maintaining those genes in breeding programs [104]. Marking assisted breeding combined with traditional breeding as an integrated approach is the best approach for the improvement of the drought stress tolerance in plants. [105, 106].

Establish species Genes Pathway involved/activated Role References
Oryza sativa OsNAC5/half-dozen/9/10 ABA responsive genes drought avoidance [80, 81, 82, 83]
NAC1/five/022 drought avoidance and activation of transcriptional regulation of various other genes [84]
bZIP23, ZFP252 Non identified drought avoidance and activation of transcriptional regulation of various other genes [85, 86]
OsMYB2 drought avoidance and activation of transcriptional regulation of various other genes [87]
DREB1F/DREB2A/EREBP1 mediates dehydration-inducible transcription Enhanced ROS scavenging induced drought tolerance [88]
Triticumaestivum TaNAC69, NAC2 ABA responsive gene drought avoidance and activation of transcriptional regulation of various other genes [89, 90]
TaPIMP1 Not identified drought avoidance and activation of transcriptional regulation of various other genes [91]
DREB2/DREB3 Overexpression causes strengthening of the antioxidant defense system in response to drought stress [92]
Arabidopsis thaliana NCED3 ABA responsive gene key enzyme of ABA biosynthesis [93]
AtABCG25 drought tolerance [94]
AHK1 positive regulator of osmosensing and drought tolerance [95]
OSCA1 membrane protein mediating osmotic stress responses [96]
Zat10 Not identified drought avoidance and activation of transcriptional regulation of diverse other genes [97]
AREB1/ AREB2/ ABF3/ ABF4 Induce drought tolerance by trifurcating feed forward pathway [98]
bZIP28 stress sensor and transducer in ER stress signaling pathway Activates brassinosteroid signaling and promotes acclimation to drought stress [99]
Zea mays bZIP17 noninducible expression of multiple genes involved in cell growth Induced drought tolerance by promoting jail cell differentiation [100, 101]
Solanumtuberosum StMYB1R-ane ABA responsive cistron drought avoidance and activation of transcriptional regulation of various other genes [102]
Gossypiumhirsutum SnRK2 ABA responsive gene imparts cellular adaptation in response to dehydration stress. [103]

Table ii.

Transcription factors involved in drought stress response in diverse crop species.

Advertizing

six. Conclusion

Sustainable crop production to feed exponentially growing population is the major challenge to the scientific communities in the electric current global climate change scenario. Out of many productivity-limiting factors, drought stress is one of the most disquisitional factor and of prime importance in the context of decreasing water availability for crop production. Water deficit leads to cellular damage and triggers an array of signaling pathways which in turn activate synthesis of factor transcripts associated with protective functions. In general, wilting occurs owing to physiological responses such every bit reduced turgor pressure, gaseous exchange, mineral assimilation and overall growth. The prominent result of these is reduced photosynthetic rate Many plant species are inherently equipped with drought tolerance mechanisms such equally reduction in leaf expanse and canopy resistance. Both these mechanisms induce tolerance by cutting off excessive absorption of indecent lite as a event of reduced expanse exposed to the incident radiations. In order to select for a tolerant genotype and/or traits conferring tolerance, robust phenotyping is a must. Marker assisted breeding to comprise drought tolerance conferring quantitative trait loci (QTL) has proven to be constructive and efficient. In addition, the knowledge generated by "OMICS" techniques (genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics and metabolomics) and transgenomics are stiff and pregnant tools that would enable a researcher to develop an effective strategy for crop comeback programs in a less time-consuming cost-effective manner. So, an integrated approach will provide better agreement of mechanisms underlying drought stress and plants' response to information technology, and help in developing genotypes for dry out environments in order to reduce the threat to global nutrient security.

Advertisement

Acknowledgments

The author would like to give thanks to the co-authors for their valuable inputs.

Advertisement

Disharmonize of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. 1. Jaleel CA, Manivannan PA, Wahid A, Farooq M, Al-Juburi HJ, Somasundaram RA, et al. Drought stress in plants: A review on morphological characteristics and pigments composition. International Periodical of Agriculture and Biology. 2009;xi(i):100-105
  2. ii. Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi NS, Fujita DB, Basra SM. Plant drought stress: Effects, mechanisms and direction. Sustainable Agriculture. 2009;29:153-188
  3. 3. Kage H, Kochler M, Stützel H. Root growth and dry out matter partitioning of cauliflower under drought stress weather condition: Measurement and simulation. European Periodical of Agronomy. 2004;xx(iv):379-394
  4. four. Lafitte HR, Yongsheng G, Yan Southward, Li ZK. Whole plant responses, key processes, and adaptation to drought stress: The example of rice. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2007;58(2):169-175
  5. v. Monneveux P, Sanchez C, Brook D, Edmeades Become. Drought tolerance improvement in tropical maize source populations: Evidence of progress. Ingather Science. 2006;46(one):180-191
  6. 6. Samarah NH. Furnishings of drought stress on growth and yield of barley. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2005;25(i):145-149
  7. vii. Nayyar H, Kaur Southward, Singh S, Upadhyaya Hard disk drive. Differential sensitivity of Desi (modest-seeded) and Kabuli (large-seeded) chickpea genotypes to water stress during seed filling: Effects on aggregating of seed reserves and yield. Journal of the Scientific discipline of Food and Agriculture. 2006;86(13):2076-2082
  8. 8. Nam NH, Chauhan YS, Johansen C. Effect of timing of drought stress on growth and grain yield of extra-curt-duration pigeonpea lines. The Periodical of Agricultural Science. 2001;136(2):179-189
  9. 9. Samarah NH, Mullen RE, Cianzio SR, Scott P. Dehydrin-like proteins in soybean seeds in response to drought stress during seed filling. Crop Scientific discipline. 2006;46(v):2141-2150
  10. x. Mazaheri LH, Nouri F, Zare AH. Effects of the reduction of drought stress using supplementary irrigation for sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in dry out farming weather condition., Pajouheshva-Sazandegi. Agronomy and Horticulture. 2003;59:81-86
  11. eleven. Kawakami J, Iwama G, Jitsuyama Y. Soil water stress and the growth and yield of irish potato plants grown from microtubers and conventional seed tubers. Field Crops Inquiry. 2006;95(1):89-96
  12. 12. Sinaki JM, Heravan EM, Rad AHS, Noormohammadi G, Zarei G. The effects of water deficit during growth stages of canola (Brassica napusL.). American-Eurasian Periodical of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 2007;2:417-422
  13. xiii. Ogbonnaya CI, Sarr B, Brou C, Diouf O, Diop NN, Roy-Macauley H. Selection of cowpea genotypes in hydroponics, pots, and field for drought tolerance. Crop Science. 2003;43(3):1114-1120. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2003.1114
  14. 14. Rizza F, Badeck FW, Cattivelli L, Lidestri O, Di Fonzo N, Stanca AM. Utilise of a water stress index to identify barley genotypes adapted to rainfed and irrigated conditions. Crop Science. 2004;44(6):2127-2137. DOI: x.2135/cropsci2004.2127
  15. 15. Lisar SY, Motafakkerazad R, Hossain MM, Rahman IM. Causes, effects and responses. Water Stress. 2012;25(1):33
  16. 16. Osakabe Y, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki Chiliad, Shinozaki K, Tran LS. ABA control of plant macro-element membrane transport systems in response to h2o arrears and high salinity. New Phytologist. 2014;202(1):35-49. DOI: x.1111/nph.12613
  17. 17. Abobatta WF. Drought adaptive mechanisms of plants—A review. Advances in Agriculture and Environmental Science. 2019;ii(1):62-65. DOI: ten.30881/aaeoa.00021
  18. 18. Lamaoui Yard, Jemo One thousand, Datla R, Bekkaoui F. Heat and drought stresses in crops and approaches for their mitigation. Frontiers in Chemistry. 2018;6:26. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00026
  19. 19. Earl HJ, Davis RF. Effect of drought stress on leafage and whole awning radiations employ efficiency and yield of maize. Agronomy Periodical. 2003;95(iii):688-696. DOI: 10.2134/agronj2003.6880
  20. 20. Anjum SA, Xie XY, Wang LC, Saleem MF, Human being C, Lei W. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African Journal of Agricultural Enquiry. 2011;6(ix):2026-2032. DOI: x.5897/AJAR10.027
  21. 21. Gregorova Z, Kovacik J, Klejdus B, Maglovski M, Kuna R, Hauptvogel P, et al. Drought-induced responses of physiology, metabolites, and PR proteins in Triticumaestivum. Journal of Agricultural and Nutrient Chemistry. 2015;63(37):8125-8133. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02951
  22. 22. Tatar Ö, Gevrek MN. Lipid peroxidation and h2o content of wheat. Asian Periodical of Plant Sciences. 2008;7:409-412
  23. 23. Bennett D, Reynolds M, Mullan D, Izanloo A, Kuchel H, Langridge P, et al. Detection of two major grain yield QTL in bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) under estrus, drought and high yield potential environments. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2012;125(7):1473-1485. DOI: ten.1007/s00122-012-1927-two
  24. 24. Atta Thousand, Chettri P, Pal AK. Physiological and biochemical changes under salinity and drought stress in ricebean [vignaumbellata (thunb.) ohwi and ohashi] seedlings. IJECC. 2020;10(8):58-64. DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2020/v10i830218
  25. 25. Alghabari F, Ihsan MZ, Hussain S, Aishia G, Daur I. Issue of Rht alleles on wheat grain yield and quality under loftier temperature and drought stress during booting and anthesis. Ecology Science and Pollution Research. 2015;22(20):15506-15515. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4724-z
  26. 26. Farooq Grand, Wahid A, Kobayashi NS, Fujita DB, Basra SM. Plant drought stress: Furnishings, mechanisms and management. Sustainable Agriculture. 2009;29:153-188. DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8_12
  27. 27. Abid M, Ali Due south, Qi LK, Zahoor R, Tian Z, Jiang D, et al. Physiological and biochemical changes during drought and recovery periods at tillering and jointing stages in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). Scientific Reports. 2018;8(i):1-5. DOI: x.1038/s41598-018-21441-7
  28. 28. Singh J, Thakur JK. Photosynthesis and abiotic stress in plants. In: Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. Singapore: Springer; 2018. pp. 27-46. DOI: x.1007/978-981-ten-9029-5_2
  29. 29. Thalmann One thousand, Santelia D. Starch as a determinant of plant fitness nether abiotic stress. New Phytologist. 2017;214(3):943-951. DOI: 10.1111/nph.14491
  30. thirty. Krasensky J, Jonak C. Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks. Periodical of Experimental Botany. 2012;63(4):1593-1608. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err460
  31. 31. Chen C, Xie Z, Liu 10. Dynamic transformation of the substances of osmotic adjustment in winter wheat nether iso-osmotic salt and drought stresses. Bulletin of Botanical Inquiry. 2009;29(6):708-713
  32. 32. Jyoti B, Yadav SK. Comparative report on biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes in a drought tolerant and a sensitive multifariousness of horsegram (Macrotylomauniflorum) under drought stress. American Journal of Constitute Physiology. 2012;7(1):17-29
  33. 33. Petrović G, Jovičić D, Nikolić Z, Tamindžić M, Ignjatov M, Milošević D, et al. Comparative study of drought and table salt stress effects on germination and seedling growth of pea. Genetika-Belgrade. 2016;48(1):373-381
  34. 34. Babu Thousand, Rosaiah Grand. A study on germination and bulb growth of Blcakgram (Vigna mungo Fifty. Hepper) germplasm against Polyethylene glycol 6000 stress. IOSR Journal of Chemist's shop and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS). 2017;12:ninety-98
  35. 35. Du W, Wang One thousand, Fu S, Yu D. Mapping QTLs for seed yield and drought susceptibility index in soybean (Glycine max L.) across dissimilar environments. Journal of Genetics and Genomics. 2009;36(12):721-731. DOI: 10.1016/S1673-8527(08)60165-iv
  36. 36. Hall AE, Ismail AM, Ehlers JD, Marfo KO, Cisse Due north, Thiaw Due south, et al. Breeding cowpea for tolerance to temperature extremes and adaptation to drought. In: Challenges and Opportunities for Enhancing Sustainable Cowpea Production. Ibadan, Nigeria: International Establish of Tropical Agriculture; 2002. pp. 14-21
  37. 37. Toker C, Canci H, Yildirim TO. Evaluation of perennial wild Cicer species for drought resistance. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2007;54(viii):1781-1786. DOI: x.1007/s10722-006-9197-y
  38. 38. Batool T, Ali S, Seleiman MF, Naveed NH, Ali A, Ahmed One thousand, et al. Found growth promoting rhizobacteria alleviates drought stress in spud in response to suppressive oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(i):1-ix. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73489-z
  39. 39. Galindo A, Collado-González J, Griñán I, Corell M, Centeno A, Martín-Palomo MJ, et al. Deficit irrigation and emerging fruit crops every bit a strategy to save water in Mediterranean semiarid agrosystems. Agricultural Water Management. 2018;202:311-324. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.015
  40. xl. Álvarez S, Rodríguez P, Broetto F, Sánchez-Blanco MJ. Long term responses and adaptive strategies of Pistacialentiscus under moderate and severe deficit irrigation and salinity: Osmotic and elastic adjustment, growth, ion uptake and photosynthetic activeness. Agronomical Water Management. 2018;202:253-262. DOI: ten.1016/j.agwat.2018.01.006
  41. 41. Tekle AT, Alemu MA. Drought tolerance mechanisms in field crops. World Periodical of Biology and Medical Sciences. 2016;3(2):15-39
  42. 42. Blum A. Institute h2o relations, found stress and plant production. In: Institute Convenance for Water-Limited Environments. New York: Springer; 2011. pp. 11-52. DOI: ten.1007/978-1-4419-7491-4_2
  43. 43. Dobra J, Motyka V, Dobrev P, Malbeck J, Prasil Information technology, Haisel D, et al. Comparison of hormonal responses to oestrus, drought and combined stress in tobacco plants with elevated proline content. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2010;167(16):1360-1370. DOI: ten.1016/j.jplph.2010.05.013
  44. 44. Boulard T, Roy JC, Pouillard JB, Fatnassi H, Grisey A. Modelling of micrometeorology, awning transpiration and photosynthesis in a airtight greenhouse using computational fluid dynamics. Biosystems Engineering science. 2017;158:110-133
  45. 45. Wasaya A, Zhang Ten, Fang Q, Yan Z. Root phenotyping for drought tolerance: A review. Agronomy. 2018;8(eleven):241. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8110241
  46. 46. Zhang F, Wang P, Zou YN, Wu QS, Kuča Chiliad. Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on root-pilus growth and hormone levels of taproot and lateral roots in trifoliate orangish under drought stress. Athenaeum of Agronomy and Soil Science. 2019;65(9):1316-1330. DOI: x.1080/03650340.2018.1563780
  47. 47. Tiwari P, Srivastava D, Chauhan Every bit, Indoliya Y, Singh PK, Tiwari S, et al. Root system architecture, physiological analysis and dynamic transcriptomics unravel the drought-responsive traits in rice genotypes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2021;207:111252. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111252
  48. 48. Tzortzakis N, Chrysargyris A, Aziz A. Adaptive response of a native mediterranean grapevine cultivar upon curt-term exposure to drought and heat stress in the context of climatic change. Agronomy. 2020;10(two):249
  49. 49. López-Galiano MJ, García-Robles I, González-Hernández AI, Camañes G, Vicedo B, Existent MD, et al. Expression of miR159 is altered in tomato plants undergoing drought stress. Plants. 2019;8(7):201
  50. 50. Qi J, Vocal CP, Wang B, Zhou J, Kangasjärvi J, Zhu JK, et al. Reactive oxygen species signaling and stomatal motility in plant responses to drought stress and pathogen attack. Periodical of Integrative Plant Biology. 2018;lx(9):805-826. DOI: x.1111/jipb.12654
  51. 51. Roychowdhury R, Khan MH, Choudhury S. Physiological and molecular responses for metalloid stress in rice—A Comprehensive Overview. Advances in Rice Enquiry for Abiotic Stress Tolerance. 2019;1:341-369. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814332-two.00016-two
  52. 52. Sapna H, Ashwini North, Ramesh South, Nataraja KN. Assessment of DNA methylation pattern nether drought stress using methylation-sensitive randomly amplified polymorphism assay in rice. Institute Genetic Resources. 2020;xviii(four):222-230. DOI: x.1017/S1479262120000234
  53. 53. Mittler R. ROS are good. Trends in Plant Science. 2017;22:11-19
  54. 54. Rai KK, Rai North, Rai SP. Salicylic acid and nitric oxide alleviate loftier temperature induced oxidative damage in Lablab purpureus L plants by regulating bio-physical processes and DNA methylation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2018;128:72-88. DOI: x.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.023
  55. 55. Ullah A, Sun H, Yang X, Zhang X. A novel cotton WRKY gene, GhWRKY6-similar, improves salt tolerance by activating the ABA signaling pathway and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Physiologiaplantarum. 2018;162(4):439-454. DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12651
  56. 56. Hernández-Jiménez MJ, Lucas MM, de Felipe MR. Antioxidant defence and damage in senescing lupin nodules. Establish Physiology and Biochemistry. 2002;40(6-eight):645-657. DOI: 10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01422-5
  57. 57. Hasanuzzaman MI, Roychowdhury RA, Karmakar JO, Dey NA, Nahar KA, Fujita MA. Recent advances in biotechnology and genomic approaches for abiotic stress tolerance in ingather plants. In: Genomics and Proteomics: Concepts, Technologies and Applications. Burlington, Canada: Apple Academic Press; 2015. pp. 333-366
  58. 58. Nezhadahmadi A, Prodhan ZH, Faruq Grand. Drought tolerance in wheat. The Scientific Earth Journal. 2013;2013:12. DOI: 10.1155/2013/610721
  59. 59. Rana RM, Rehman SU, Ahmed J, Bilal Thou. A comprehensive overview of contempo advances in drought stress tolerance inquiry in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). Asian Periodical of Agriculture and Biology. 2013;1(1):29-37
  60. 60. Khan MA, Iqbal Thousand, Jameel M, Nazeer W, Shakir South, Aslam MT, et al. Potentials of molecular based breeding to enhance drought tolerance in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). African Journal of Biotechnology. 2011;10(55):11340-11344
  61. 61. Varshney RK, Terauchi R, McCouch SR. Harvesting the promising fruits of genomics: Applying genome sequencing technologies to crop breeding. PLoS Biology. 2014;12(half-dozen):e1001883. DOI: 10.1371/periodical.pbio.1001883. 100
  62. 62. Morris GP, Ramu P, Deshpande SP, Hash CT, Shah T, Upadhyaya HD, et al. Population genomic and genome-wide association studies of agroclimatic traits in sorghum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013;110(2):453-458. DOI: x.1073/pnas.1215985110.104
  63. 63. Kollers S, Rodemann B, Ling J, Korzun Five, Ebmeyer East, Argillier O, et al. Whole genome association mapping of Fusarium head blight resistance in European winter wheat (Triticumaestivum 50.). PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57500. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057500
  64. 64. Brown PJ, Upadyayula Due north, Mahone GS, Tian F, Bradbury PJ, Myles Due south, et al. Distinct genetic architectures for male person and female inflorescence traits of maize. PLoS Genetics. 2011;7(11):e1002383. DOI: ten.1371/journal.pgen.1002383. 102
  65. 65. Huang X, Wei X, Sang T, Zhao Q, Feng Q, Zhao Y, et al. Genome-wide association studies of 14 agronomic traits in rice landraces. Nature Genetics. 2010;42(11):961-967. DOI: 10.1038/ng.695. 103
  66. 66. Bidinger FR, Nepolean T, Hash CT, Yadav RS, Howarth CJ. Quantitative trait loci for grain yield in pearl millet under variable postflowering moisture weather condition. Crop Science. 2007;47(3):969-980. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2006.07.0465. 106
  67. 67. Wang B, Ekblom R, Bunikis I, Siitari H, Höglund J. Whole genome sequencing of the black grouse (Tetraotetrix): Reference guided assembly suggests faster-Z and MHC evolution. BMC Genomics. 2014;15(i):1-3. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-xv-180. 105
  68. 68. Nakaya A, Isobe SN. Will genomic selection be a applied method for constitute breeding? Annals of Botany. 2012;110(6):1303-1316. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs109. 107
  69. 69. Crossa J, Perez P, Hickey J, Burgueno J, Ornella 50, Cerón-Rojas J, et al. Genomic prediction in CIMMYT maize and wheat breeding programs. Heredity. 2014;112(1):48-60. DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.16. 109
  70. seventy. Gouy M, Rousselle Y, Bastianelli D, Lecomte P, Bonnal 50, Roques D, et al. Experimental cess of the accuracy of genomic selection in sugarcane. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2013;126(10):2575-2586. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2156-z. 110
  71. 71. Varshney RK, Mohan SM, Gaur PM, Gangarao NV, Pandey MK, Bohra A, et al. Achievements and prospects of genomics-assisted breeding in three legume crops of the semi-arid tropics. Biotechnology Advances. 2013;31(8):1120-1134. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.01.001. 111
  72. 72. Rutkoski JE, Heffner EL, Sorrells ME. Genomic pick for durable stem rust resistance in wheat. Euphytica. 2011;179(1):161-173. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-010-0301-1. 112
  73. 73. Kudo 1000, Kidokoro South, Yoshida T, Mizoi J, Todaka D, Fernie AR, et al. Double overexpression of DREB and PIF transcription factors improves drought stress tolerance and prison cell elongation in transgenic plants. Establish Biotechnology Periodical. 2017;15(4):458-471. DOI: x.1111/pbi.12644
  74. 74. Anumalla M, Roychowdhury R, Geda CK, Bharathkumar Southward, Goutam KD, Mohandev TS. Mechanism of stress betoken transduction and interest of stress inducible transcription factors and genes in response to abiotic stresses in plant. International Periodical of Recent Scientific Research. 2016;vii(8):12754-12771
  75. 75. Joshi R, Wani SH, Singh B, Bohra A, Dar ZA, Lone AA, et al. Transcription factors and plants response to drought stress: Current understanding and time to come directions. Frontiers in Plant Scientific discipline. 2016;7:1029. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01029
  76. 76. Kidokoro Due south, Watanabe Yard, Ohori T, Moriwaki T, Maruyama K, Mizoi J, et al. Soybean DREB one/CBF-type transcription factors function in heat and drought as well equally cold stress-responsive cistron expression. The Constitute Journal. 2015;81(3):505-518. DOI: ten.1111/tpj.12746
  77. 77. Rai KK, Rai AC. Recent transgenic approaches for stress tolerance in crop plants. In: Sustainable Agronomics in the Era of Climate change. Cham: Springer; 2020. pp. 533-556. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45669-6_23
  78. 78. Liu Y, Liu Ten, Wang X, Gao K, Qi W, Ren H, et al. Heterologous expression of rut stress-responsive AtPLC9 confers heat tolerance in transgenic rice. BMC Plant Biology. 2020;xx(1):one-1. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02709-five. 115
  79. 79. Hussain HA, Hussain S, Khaliq A, Ashraf U, Anjum SA, Men South, et al. Chilling and drought stresses in crop plants: Implications, cross talk, and potential direction opportunities. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:393. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00393. 116
  80. 80. Nakashima Chiliad, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki Thou. The transcriptional regulatory network in the drought response and its crosstalk in abiotic stress responses including drought, cold, and heat. Frontiers in Plant Scientific discipline. 2014;5:170. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00170. 118
  81. 81. Jeong JS, Kim YS, Baek KH, Jung H, Ha SH, Exercise Choi Y, et al. Root-specific expression of OsNAC10 improves drought tolerance and grain yield in rice under field drought conditions. Establish Physiology. 2010;153(one):185-197. DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154773
  82. 82. Redillas MC, Jeong JS, Kim YS, Jung H, Blindside SW, Choi YD, et al. The overexpression of OsNAC9 alters the root architecture of rice plants enhancing drought resistance and grain yield under field conditions. Establish Biotechnology Journal. 2012;10(7):792-805. DOI: ten.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00697.10
  83. 83. Jeong JS, Kim YS, Redillas MC, Jang G, Jung H, Blindside SW, et al. OsNAC5 overexpression enlarges root diameter in rice plants leading to enhanced drought tolerance and increased grain yield in the field. Plant Biotechnology Journal. 2013;11(i):101-114. DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12011
  84. 84. Saad Every bit, Li 10, Li HP, Huang T, Gao CS, Guo MW, et al. A rice stress-responsive NAC gene enhances tolerance of transgenic wheat to drought and salt stresses. Establish Science. 2013;203:33-40. DOI: x.1016/j.plantsci.2012.12.016
  85. 85. De Schutter K, Tsaneva One thousand, Kulkarni SR, Rougé P, Vandepoele K, Van Damme EJ. Evolutionary relationships and expression analysis of EUL domain proteins in rice (Oryzasativa). Rice. 2017;10(i):1-ix. DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0164-3
  86. 86. Xu P, Chen F, Mannas JP, Feldman T, Sumner LW, Roossinck MJ. Virus infection improves drought tolerance. New Phytologist. 2008;180(four):911-921
  87. 87. Yang A, Dai X, Zhang WH. A R2R3-blazon MYB gene, OsMYB2, is involved in salt, cold, and aridity tolerance in rice. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2012;63(7):2541-2556. DOI: x.1093/jxb/err431
  88. 88. Xiong H, Yu J, Li J, Wang X, Liu P, Zhang H, et al. Natural variation of OsLG3 controls drought stress tolerance in rice by inducing ROS scavenging. Found Physiology. 2017;178(1):451-467. DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01492
  89. 89. Xue GP, Mode HM, Richardson T, Drenth J, Joyce PA, McIntyre CL. Overexpression of TaNAC69 leads to enhanced transcript levels of stress upwardly-regulated genes and dehydration tolerance in bread wheat. Molecular Institute. 2011;4(4):697-712. DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr013
  90. 90. Gahlaut V, Jaiswal V, Kumar A, Gupta PK. Transcription factors involved in drought tolerance and their possible function in developing drought tolerant cultivars with emphasis on wheat (Triticumaestivum 50.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2016;129(11):2019-2042. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2794-z
  91. 91. Zhang Z, Liu X, Wang 10, Zhou M, Zhou X, Ye X, et al. An R2R3 MYB transcription gene in wheat, Ta PIMP one, mediates host resistance to Bipolarissorokiniana and drought stresses through regulation of defense-and stress-related genes. New Phytologist. 2012;196(4):1155-1170. DOI: ten.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04353.ten
  92. 92. Wani SH, Tripathi P, Zaid A, Challa GS, Kumar A, Kumar V, et al. Transcriptional regulation of osmotic stress tolerance in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). Plant Molecular Biology. 2018;97(half-dozen):469-487. DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0761-6
  93. 93. Takahashi T, Murano T, Ishikawa A. SOBIR1 and AGB1 independently contribute to nonhost resistance to Pyriculariaoryzae (syn. Magnaportheoryzae) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 2018;82(11):1922-1930. DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1498727
  94. 94. Yoo CY, Pence HE, Jin JB, Miura Grand, Gosney MJ, Hasegawa PM, et al. The Arabidopsis GTL1 transcription factor regulates water use efficiency and drought tolerance by modulating stomatal density via transrepression of SDD1. The Plant Cell. 2010;22(12):4128-4141
  95. 95. Tran LS, Urao T, Qin F, Maruyama 1000, Kakimoto T, Shinozaki K, et al. Functional assay of AHK1/ATHK1 and cytokinin receptor histidine kinases in response to abscisic acid, drought, and salt stress in Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007;104(51):20623-20628. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706547105
  96. 96. Yuan F, Yang H, Xue Y, Kong D, Ye R, Li C, et al. OSCA1 mediates osmotic-stress-evoked Ca two+ increases vital for osmosensing in Arabidopsis. Nature. 2014;514(7522):367-371. DOI: ten.1038/nature13593
  97. 97. Xiao BZ, Chen 10, Xiang CB, Tang N, Zhang QF, Xiong LZ. Evaluation of seven part-known candidate genes for their effects on improving drought resistance of transgenic rice under field conditions. Molecular Plant. 2009;two(1):73-83. DOI: ten.1093/mp/ssn068
  98. 98. Sakuraba Y, Kim YS, Han SH, Lee BD, Paek NC. The Arabidopsis transcription factor NAC016 promotes drought stress responses past repressing AREB1 transcription through a trifurcate feed-frontwards regulatory loop involving NAP. The Plant Prison cell. 2015;27(6):1771-1787. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00222
  99. 99. Kataoka R, Takahashi M, Suzuki North. Coordination betwixt bZIP28 and HSFA2 in the regulation of heat response signals in Arabidopsis. Establish Signaling & Behavior. 2017;12(11):e1376159. DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1376159
  100. 100. Zhan J, Li G, Ryu CH, Ma C, Zhang S, Lloyd A, et al. Opaque-ii regulates a complex cistron network associated with cell differentiation and storage functions of maize endosperm. The Institute Cell. 2018;thirty(10):2425-2446. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00392
  101. 101. Kim J-S, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki One thousand. ER-anchored transcription factors bZIP17 and bZIP28 regulate root elongation. Establish Physiology. 2018;176(3):2221-2230. DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01414
  102. 102. Shin D, Moon SJ, Han Due south, Kim BG, Park SR, Lee SK, et al. Expression of StMYB1R-1, a novel potato single MYB-like domain transcription factor, increases drought tolerance. Constitute Physiology. 2011;155(1):421-432. DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.163634
  103. 103. Kulik A, Wawer I, Krzywińska Eastward, Bucholc M, Dobrowolska G. SnRK2 poly peptide kinases—Key regulators of plant response to abiotic stresses. Omics: A Periodical of Integrative Biological science. 2011;15(12):859-872. DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0091
  104. 104. Medina S, Vicente R, Amador A, Araus JL. Interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and water stress on physiological traits and factor expression during vegetative growth in four durum wheat genotypes. Frontiers in Establish Scientific discipline. 2016;7:1738. DOI: x.3389/fpls.2016.01738. 117
  105. 105. Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Vadez V, Sharma KK. Transgenic approaches for abiotic stress tolerance in plants: Retrospect and prospects. Plant Jail cell Reports. 2008;27(3):411-424. DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0474-9. 119
  106. 106. Cho EK, Hong CB. Over-expression of tobacco NtHSP70-1 contributes to drought-stress tolerance in plants. Plant Cell Reports. 2006;25(4):349-358. DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0093-2. 120

Written By

Kousik Atta, Aditya Pratap Singh, Saju Adhikary, Subhasis Mondal and Sujaya Dewanjee

Submitted: December 13th, 2021 Reviewed: January 19th, 2022 Published: March 14th, 2022

© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in whatever medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

quickpaltaing.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/80834

0 Response to "Drought Stress in Plants a Review on Morphological Characteristics and Pigments Composition"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel